Genetic algorithm-based characterization of the optical properties of flame hydrolysis deposited silica waveguides

Genetic Algorithms have been demonstrated to be a robust method for the calculation of the refractive index profile of annealed germanium-doped flame-hydrolysis deposited (FHD) silica layers using measurements of the effective refractive indices of the different modes of propagation. A non-uniform refractive index profile in depth was obtained, which agrees well with the germanium concentration and density profiles measured for the films.